Lesson 3

• Within a place of residence or place of business or on private property, if that location is not part of the school grounds and the possession of the firearm is otherwise lawful;³
• When the firearm is an unloaded handgun and is in a locked container or within the locked trunk of a motor vehicle;⁴
• For the lawful transportation of any other firearm, other than a handgun, in accordance with state law;⁵
• When the person possessing the firearm reasonably believes that he or she is in grave danger because of circumstances forming the basis of a current restraining order issued by a court against another person or persons who has or have been found to pose a threat to his or her life or safety.⁶ This exception does not apply in certain circumstances involving a mutual restraining order;⁷
• When the person is a licensed gun dealer, manufacturer, importer, or wholesaler, or a member of an authorized military or civilian organization when parading, and the gun is unloaded;⁸
• When the person is a guard or messenger of a common carrier or bank who, within the course of his or her employment, transports or delivers money or other valuables;⁹ or
• When the person is a duly appointed peace officer, honorably retired police officer, or security guard authorized to carry a concealed firearm under state law.¹⁰

1. Officer and Administrative Responsibilities – it’s the responsibility of the officer to enforce State Laws and local district rules regarding weapons on campus.
2. Tactical considerations and options unique to campus environment – since each campus is different and unique, tactical considerations and options unique to that campus environment are often developed by the school or the district. officers must follow these considerations when on duty.

• Entering onto another’s property to interfere with business¹.
• Entering onto another’s property with the intent to damage the property².
• Unlawfully occupying the property of another.³
• Refusing to leave the property of another upon the owner’s request.⁴
• Refusing to leave a public building during those hours of the day or night when the building is regularly closed to the public after being asked to leave by someone employed there.⁵

1. Risk analysis and perimeter control – The combination of security guard patrols and surveillance cameras is an ideal solution for perimeter security applications. Security officers should be regularly patrolling the boundaries and perimeters of campus to ensure safe campus operation.
2. Visitor control issues – 
   

   Reducing and Controlling School Access

   Some practical steps for improving school access control include:

   • Establish one main entrance and put up signage identifying it as the main entrance. Maintain visible signage on campus and on all school doors directing visitors to the main entrance door. Some schools also post notices advising that individuals who do not follow visitation procedures may be charged with trespassing.
   • Create a visitor sign-in, sign-out, and escort procedure.
   • Reduce the number of doors which may be opened from the outside. This does not mean chaining doors or creating a fire hazard. It does mean using doors that cannot be opened from the outside, but which from which those inside can exit in the event of a fire or other emergency.
   • Reconfigure main entrance design so that there is a secondary set of secure doors and all traffic is funneled into the main office before they can gain access into the school. To heightened the security further, make the initial exterior door buzzer controlled with a camera and intercom, thereby requiring visitors to be buzzed in the first door, funneled through a second door (which could also be buzzer controlled, if appropriate), and only then provided access into the main building.
   • Consider use of a camera, intercom, and buzzer at the school main entrance, especially at elementary schools. Be sure to have the controls for these doors at the desk of each secretary, rather than only at that of one person, if you have main office secretaries controlling the doors. Train the secretaries on proper procedures for allowing access.
   • Secure custodial entrances and delivery doors during and after school hours. Have custodial personnel keep a log of deliveries to include the name of the vendor company, name of the delivery person, license plate of vehicle, date and time of arrival and departure, and associated information.
   • Require all school doors to be closed and secured from the outside while cleaning personnel and after-hours staff work inside the building during evening and night hours.
   • Train all school staff, including support personnel, to greet and challenge strangers. Staff should be trained to at least report strangers to the office if they do not feel safe in approaching someone they believe to be an intruder.
   • Train students not to open doors to strangers, other students, or even adults they may know.
   • Educate parents about access control strategies and the importance of them following the rules.
   • Establish a routine maintenance and timely repair program for the doors.
   • Consider the use of proximity cards for school staff with card readers at most commonly used doors such as teachers’ parking lot entrances, main entrance, doors used for recess/playground activities, doors used for physical education class activities, etc.
   • Use magnetic locks on doors so they close more easily.
   • Many schools, especially high schools and other larger facilities, use surveillance cameras to monitor and record entrance points. While most schools do not have adequate funding to staff full time monitoring of surveillance cameras, these cameras can serve as a deterrent and should be used so as to at least provide a record of who was in the area.
3. Signage, documentation, and site procedures – At a minimum, most schools have signs posted around campus requiring visitors to report to the office prior to entering the school and sign-in. Technology has stepped in with kiosk style sign-in stations requiring visitors to enter information on a computer, which prints a photo ID badge to be worn while on campus. School staff are instructed to notify the office of any visitors or strangers on campus not displaying the proper credentials.Innovations with automated visitor management systems now include scanning a driver’s license or government issued ID as part of the sign in process. The system quickly compares data from the ID against registered sex offender databases in 50 states. Jim Vesterman, CEO of Rapture Technologies states, “on average we flag 35 registered sex offenders a day, from our current client base of 17,000 schools across the country.” Some systems also allow the screening process to compare the visitor’s ID to a custom database indicating child custody restrictions, barred parents, known gang members, etc. Whether the district chooses a visitor management system that performs one or both of the database screening processes, it all occurs in a matter of seconds.
4. Support of other campus personnel and the community – involve other members of community in doing their part in keeping your school safe. raise topics and issues during staff and PTSA meetings. talk about safety issues with members of community and other campus personnel, be pro-active.

1. Classroom – classrooms are where learning happens. Potential situations include conflicts between students, conflicts between students and teachers. Classrooms are a small, confined environment with desks and other objects that could potentially cause injuries.
2. Cafeteria – cafeterias are large dining halls where a large number of students can gather at a time. Cafeterias can potentially create dangerous situations just because of a large number of people in one spot. Cafeterias should be watched and patrolled, security officers must keep a watchful eye on students in the cafeteria to promptly diffuse any dangerous situations that might arise.
3. Sporting events – sporting events, just like cafeterias, have a large number of people and can create potential for fights and other conflicts. Security officers should be pro-active and visible during sporting events to serve as a deterrent. Special attention should be given to when sporting events disperse and when crowds leave the stands to make sure safety is preserved.
4. Other identified locations – other locations include fields where sports teams practice, extra-curricular activities and field trips.

1.PLANNING
Crowd management is integral to running a safe, enjoyable event, and should be considered in the earliest stages of your planning. Even as the organizer, you’re not expected to plan the event entirely on your own. Consult with key figures both inside and outside of your organization, including:

• Your heads of department/team leaders
• Event contractors
• The venue owner (if it’s not you)
• Local authorities
• Emergency services, first responders
• Local transport providers
• Neighboring businesses and other third-parties affected by your event

2. UNDERSTANDING YOUR CROWD
   Working out how many attendees your expecting might be challenging, depending on the nature of your event. Some companies have got crowd calendars down to a fine art, while others are almost entirely at the mercy of holidays, weather, or special attraction timetables. Base your estimates on previous turnout, advance ticket sales or attendance at similar events.

Be aware that your venue will have a maximum capacity and plan accordingly – not only for those inside, but in case there are guests queueing outside to get in. If there is any chance that your event will reach (or exceed) capacity then you must have a contingency in place to manage excess numbers. Make sure that your site is accessible for everyone, with facilities and safe travel routes for wheelchairs and children.

Keep in mind the expected demographic of your event. Are they likely to be familiar with the venue or format, or will you need to provide a lot of direction? Will fans arrive early to get a good spot, or do you expect people to be constantly flowing in and out? Certain behaviors can be predicted, like music fans surging to the front during a popular song or sports fans getting emotional at the end of a game.

3. ASSESSING THE RISK
   It may be part of your legal requirement to assess the potential risks at your event, from malfunctioning equipment to fire and bomb threats. Considering the risk generated by the crowd itself is not always as straightforward.

The main health and safety risks associated with crowds are to do with its movement. Swaying and surging can escalate to crushing and trampling, so identify ways to safely manage the motion of large volumes of people while they are gathered in one location and while they move through your venue.

Depending on the layout of the space, you may want to consider:

• Staggering the entry process
• Arranging concrete or plastic barriers to keep pedestrians and vehicles separate
• Using fencing to keep emergency access routes clear
• Employing stewards to supervise entry and exits to keep the flow of guests moving
• Navigating people away from areas likely to cause bottlenecks (stairs, narrowing corridors, gates or turnstiles)
• Ensuring all walkways are well lit
• Keeping the pathway between main attractions clear from obstacles

4. COMMUNICATING WITH THE CROWD
   The most effective methods of getting a message to your attendees will depend on the nature of your event and venue.

Prominently displayed signage is the easiest way to communicate key information, either with a fixed notice or LED board showing updates. Try to position signs so that they are visible from afar, making it less likely that guests will need to stop and crowd around signage. Give guests access to maps – either on signs or on your printed promotional material – so that they can find alternative routes around the venue. Mark these out clearly on your map and include any accessibility issues that might make them unsuitable for certain guests.

Aside from signs, you may want to consider a PA system, or employing stewards to share information about designated areas. An information desk may also be appropriate in larger spaces.

5. COMMUNICATING WITH YOUR TEAM
   Having a clear line of communication between team members around the venue is essential, particularly in case crowds start to become difficult to manage. Two-way radios remain the most reliable method of communication, although telephone systems and verbal messages may be adequate in a smaller venue.

Establish a formal language and procedure to use over the duration of the event so that all vital information can be communicated effectively. In the event of an incident, you will need to know who is calling, where they are and their situation. Agree on codes or names to ensure there is no confusion and consider keeping one line for emergency use only.

6. REVIEW
   Once your event has finished – whether it’s been an evening, a weekend or an entire season – resist the urge to simply pack up and go home. Reviewing how the event unfolded with your team is as important as your initial planning and doing so while incidences are still fresh in their minds is a huge benefit. If you can’t speak to every individual team member, make sure that you at least meet with team leaders and any key witnesses to particular issues.

Assess which approaches worked well and which could have been improved, making notes that you can refer to in the planning stages of your next event. Even if you’ll be at another venue, working with a new team or managing a different crowd, learn everything you can at each event.

1. Note taking
2. Securing a crime scene
3. Evidence management
4. Scaling the investigation to the event

1. Special campus considerations – crime scenes on school campuses present additional challenges. While most of crime scene procedures are similar to off-campus sites, special consideration should be given to cordoning off the area and informing faculty and students of what’s going on.
2. Crowd control – all non-authorized personnel need to be kept away from crime scene in order to preserve evidence. Use crime scene tape, signs and patrols to make sure students and faculty do not
3. Jurisdictional considerations – jurisdictional for crime scenes usually lies with the local law enforcement, and progresses to city, county and state law enforcement depending on the type of crime.
4. Kristin Smart Campus Safety Act – Kristin Denise Smart (born February 20, 1977,^[1][2] legally presumed dead May 25, 2002) is an American woman who disappeared on May 25, 1996, while attending California Polytechnic State University. Three fellow students escorted Smart back to her hall of residence after a party. Her disappearance is an actively investigated missing person case.
5. Local agency MOU’s – Memorandum of Understanding – 
   A memorandum of understanding (MOU) is a written agreement between a School District and local law enforcement. The MOU contains specific mutually-accepted expectations between School District and local Police Departments. It is an agreement to work together toward a common objective. MOUs are less formal than contracts, and typically include fewer details and complexities, but they are more formal than handshake agreements, sometimes called gentlemen’s agreements. All sorts of entities use MOUs to create guidelines for each party as they contribute their efforts and resources toward important projects. But ultimately, the reason that parties opt for MOUs is because they are simpler and more flexible than contracts.
   The MOUs provide a mutually beneficial framework that both Schools and
   Police Departments  can work within to achieve shared goals.